Atlas of Moral Psychology
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This comprehensive and cutting-edge volume maps out the terrain of moral psychology, a dynamic and evolving area of research. In 57 concise chapters, leading authorities and up-and-coming scholars explore fundamental issues and current controversies. The volume systematically reviews the empirical evidence base and presents influential theories of moral judgment and behavior. It is organized around the key questions that must be addressed for a complete understanding of the moral mind.
“The contributors, who include both philosophers and psychologists, are acknowledged experts in the field….Each essay is framed as an answer to a specific question, such as ‘What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character?’ and both the question and an abbreviated version of the answer are printed at the head of each chapter. This feature makes the book very user-friendly, particularly for students and readers new to moral psychology….Recommended. Undergraduates and above.”
—Choice Reviews
“The tremendous recent growth of interest in moral psychology has yielded no shortage of deep debate and thorny thickets. Gray and Graham have brought together a talented array of scholars who are working to cut through these intellectual brambles. Their objective is nothing short of mapping the full complexity of the moral domain. This volume is a major achievement.”
—Linda J. Skitka, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
“A gift for anyone interested in moral psychology. The
Atlas is a masterful, state-of-the-art compendium of descriptive and theoretical work on moral judgments, emotions, and reasoning, as well as the compulsive force of parochial social norms and the human experience of self-evidently appealing universal values. Eminent scholars from diverse schools of thought explore fundamental questions: What is a moral judgment? Is it anything more than a self-affirming gut feeling? Why do people often disagree with each other about what is right and wrong? Does being moral mean being highly susceptible to fear (as Nietzsche once proposed)? Is there such a thing as moral truth? Students of the human mind looking for a map of its ethical component should be very happy.”
—Richard A. Shweder, PhD, Harold Higgins Swift Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago
“The last two decades have seen an explosion in the number of philosophers and scientists turning to the study of moral psychology. The result is a thriving field—the most robustly interdisciplinary in the academy—dedicated to discovering how the mind works out moral matters. If you want to know where moral psychology is at and where it’s heading, look no further than the
Atlas of Moral Psychology. In 57 provocative chapters, a stellar group of leading researchers ask, and begin to answer, the questions that will define the field for years to come.”
—John M. Doris, PhD, Philosophy–Neuroscience–Psychology Program and Philosophy Department, Washington University in St. Louis
Table of Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions and Answers
I. Morality and Thinking
1. Can We Understand Moral Thinking without Understanding Thinking?, Joshua D. Greene
2. Reasoning at the Root of Morality, Elliot Turiel
3. Moral Judgment: Reflective, Interactive, Spontaneous, Challenging, and Always Evolving, Melanie Killen & Audun Dahl
4. On the Possibility of Intuitive and Deliberative Processes Working in Parallel in Moral Judgment, Kees van den Bos
5. The Wrong and the Bad, Shaun Nichols
II. Morality and Feeling
6. Empathy Is a Moral Force, Jamil Zaki
7. Moral Values and Motivations: How Special Are They?, Ryan Miller & Fiery Cushman
8. A Component Process Model of Disgust, Anger, and Moral Judgment, Hanah A. Chapman
9. A Functional Conflict Theory of Moral Emotions, Roger Giner-Sorolla
10. Getting Emotions Right in Moral Psychology, Piercarlo Valdesolo
III. Morality, Social Cognition, and Identity
11. What Do We Evaluate When We Evaluate Moral Character?, Eric G. Helzer & Clayton R. Critcher
12. Moral Cognition and Its Basis in Social Cognition and Social Regulation, John Voiklis & Bertram F. Malle
13. Morality Is Personal, Justin F. Landy & Eric Luis Uhlmann
14. A Social Cognitive Model of Moral Identity, Karl Aquino & Adam Kay
15. Identity Is Essentially Moral, Nina Strohminger
16. The Core of Morality Is the Moral Self, Paul Conway
17. Thinking Morally about Animals, Steve Loughnan & Jared Piazza
IV. Morality and Intergroup Conflict
18. Morality Is for Choosing Sides, Peter DeScioli & Robert Kurzban
19. Morality for Us versus Them, Adam Waytz & Liane Young
20. Pleasure in Response to Outgroup Pain as a Motivator of Intergroup Aggression, Mina Cikara
21. How Can Universal Stereotypes Be Immoral?, Susan T. Fiske
V. Morality and Culture
22. Moral Foundations Theory: On the Advantages of Moral Pluralism over Moral Monism, Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, Matt Motyl, Peter Meindl, Carol Iskiwitch, & Marlon Mooijman
23. The Model of Moral Motives: A Map of the Moral Domain, Ronnie Janoff-Bulman & Nate C. Carnes
24. Relationship Regulation Theory, Tage S. Rai
25. A Stairway to Heaven: A Terror Management Theory Perspective on Morality, Andrea M. Yetzer, Tom Pyszczynski, & Jeff Greenberg
26. Moral Heroes Are Puppets, Jeremy A. Frimer
27. Morality: A Historical Invention, Edouard Machery
28. The History of Moral Norms, Jesse J. Prinz
VI. Morality and the Body
29. The Moralization of the Body: Protecting and Expanding the Boundaries of the Self, Gabriela Pavarini & Simone Schnall
30. Grounded Morality, Simon M. Laham & Justin J. Kelly
VII. Morality and Beliefs
31. Moral Vitalism, Brock Bastian
32. The Objectivity of Moral Beliefs, Geoffrey P. Goodwin
33. Folk Theories in the Moral Domain, Sara Gottlieb & Tania Lombrozo
34. Free Will and Moral Psychology, Roy F. Baumeister
35. The Geographies of Religious and Nonreligious Morality, Brett Mercier & Azim Shariff
36. The Egocentric Teleological Bias: How Self-Serving Morality Shapes Perceptions of Intelligent Design, Jesse L. Preston
VIII. Dynamic Moral Judgment
37. Moralization: How Acts Become Wrong, Chelsea Schein & Kurt Gray
38. Moral Coherence Processes and Denial of Moral Complexity, Brittany S. Liu, Sean P. Wojcik, & Peter H. Ditto
39. What Is Blame and Why Do We Love It?, Mark D. Alicke, Ross Rogers, & Sarah Taylor
IX. Developmental and Evolutionary Roots of Morality
40. Do Animals Have a Sense of Fairness?, Katherine McAuliffe & Laurie R. Santos
41. The Infantile Roots of Sociomoral Evaluations, Julia W. Van de Vondervoort & J. Kiley Hamlin
42. Atlas Hugged: The Foundations of Human Altruism, Felix Warneken
43. The Developmental Origins of Infants’ Distributive Fairness Concerns, Jessica A. Sommerville & Talee Ziv
44. Vulnerability-Based Morality, Anton J. M. Dijker
45. The Attachment Approach to Moral Judgment, Aner Govrin
46. Ethogenesis: Evolution, Early Experience, and Moral Becoming, Darcia Narvaez
X. Moral Behavior
47. On the Distinction between Unethical and Selfish Behavior, Jackson G. Lu, Ting Zhang, Derek D. Rucker, & Adam D. Galinsky
48. In Search of Moral Equilibrium: Person, Situation, and Their Interplay in Behavioral Ethics, Julia J. Lee & Francesca Gino
49. Unconflicted Virtue, Kate C. S. Schmidt
50. Moral Clarity, Scott S. Wiltermuth & David T. Newman
XI. Studying Morality
51. Why Developmental Neuroscience Is Critical for the Study of Morality, Jean Decety & Jason M. Cowell
52. Implicit Moral Cognition, C. Daryl Cameron, Julian A. Scheffer, & Victoria L. Spring
53. Into the Wild: Big Data Analytics in Moral Psychology, Joseph Hoover, Morteza Dehghani, Kate Johnson, Rumen Iliev, & Jesse Graham
54. Applied Moral Psychology, Yoel Inbar
XII. Clarifying Morality
55. The Moral Domain, Stephen Stich
56. There Is No Important Distinction between Moral and Nonmoral Cognition, Joshua Knobe
57. Asking the Right Questions in Moral Psychology, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Index
About the Editors
Kurt Gray, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He studies moral psychology, mind perception, and agent-based modeling. Dr. Gray has been named a Rising Star by the Association for Psychological Science, which awarded him the Janet Spence Award for Transformative Early Career Research. He has also received the Sage Young Scholar Award, the Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, and the Early Career Award and Best Social Cognition Paper Award from the International Social Cognition Network, and is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. Widely cited in the media, Dr. Gray has spoken at two TED events and is coauthor (with Daniel M. Wegner) of a book for general readers,
The Mind Club: Who Thinks, What Feels, and Why it Matters. His website is
www.mpmlab.org.
Jesse Graham, PhD, is Associate Professor of Management at the Eccles School of Business, University of Utah. He studies people’s core moral, political, and religious convictions. Dr. Graham is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology and of the Moral Psychology Research Group. He has been named a Rising Star by the Association for Psychological Science and also has been honored with the Sage Young Scholar Award, the General Education Teacher of the Year Award from the University of Southern California, the Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Sciences from the University of Virginia, and the Morton Deutsch Award for best paper published in Social Justice Research. Dr. Graham is coeditor (with Piercarlo Valdesolo) of
Social Psychology of Political Polarization.
Contributors
Mark D. Alicke, PhD, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
Karl Aquino, PhD, UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Brock Bastian, PhD, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
C. Daryl Cameron, PhD, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania
Nate C. Carnes, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
Hanah A. Chapman, PhD, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York
Mina Cikara, PhD, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Paul Conway, PhD, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
Jason M. Cowell, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Clayton R. Critcher, PhD, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
Fiery Cushman, PhD, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Audun Dahl, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
Jean Decety, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Morteza Dehghani, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Peter DeScioli, PhD, Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
Anton J. M. Dijker, PhD, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Contributors
Peter H. Ditto, PhD, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
Susan T. Fiske, PhD, Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Jeremy A. Frimer, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Adam D. Galinsky, PhD, Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, New York
Roger Giner-Sorolla, PhD, School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
Francesca Gino, PhD, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Geoffrey P. Goodwin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sara Gottlieb, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
Aner Govrin, PhD, Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Jesse Graham, PhD, Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Kurt Gray, PhD, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Jeff Greenberg, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Joshua D. Greene, PhD, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Jonathan Haidt, PhD, New York University Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, New York
J. Kiley Hamlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Eric G. Helzer, PhD, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland
Joseph Hoover, MS, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Rumen Iliev, PhD, Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Yoel Inbar, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Carol Iskiwitch, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
Kate Johnson, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California
Adam Kay, PhD, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Justin J. Kelly, BSc, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Melanie Killen, PhD, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland
Joshua Knobe, PhD, Departments of Philosophy, Psychology, and Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
Robert Kurzban, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Simon M. Laham, PhD, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Justin F. Landy, PhD, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Julia J. Lee, PhD, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Brittany S. Liu, PhD, Department of Psychology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Tania Lombrozo, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
Stephen Loughnan, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Jackson G. Lu, MPhil, Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, New York
Edouard Machery, PhD, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Bertram F. Malle, PhD, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Katherine McAuliffe, PhD, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Peter Meindl, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Brett Mercier, MS, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
Ryan Miller, BA, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Marlon Mooijman, PhD, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Matt Motyl, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Darcia Narvaez, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
David T. Newman, JD, USC Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Shaun Nichols, PhD, Department of Philosophy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Gabriela Pavarini, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Jared Piazza, PhD, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Jesse L. Preston, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Jesse J. Prinz, PhD, Department of Philosophy, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, New York
Tom Pyszczynski, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Tage S. Rai, PhD, MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute ofm Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ross Rogers, MS, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
Derek D. Rucker, PhD, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Laurie R. Santos, PhD, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
Julian A. Scheffer, BSc, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Chelsea Schein, BA, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Kate C. S. Schmidt, MA, Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
Simone Schnall, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Azim Shariff, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, PhD, Department of Philosophy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
Jessica A. Sommerville, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Victoria L. Spring, BA, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,m University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Stephen Stich, PhD, Department of Philosophy and the Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Nina Strohminger, PhD, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sarah Taylor, MA, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
Elliot Turiel, PhD, Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
Eric Luis Uhlmann, PhD, INSEAD, Singapore
Piercarlo Valdesolo, PhD, Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California
Julia W. Van de Vondervoort, MA, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Kees van den Bos, MA, Department of Socialand Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
John Voiklis, PhD, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Felix Warneken, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Adam Waytz, PhD, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Scott S. Wiltermuth, PhD, USC Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Sean P. Wojcik, PhD, Data and Analytics, Upworthy, New York, New York
Andrea M. Yetzer, MA, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Liane Young, PhD, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Jamil Zaki, PhD, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
Ting Zhang, PhD, Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, New York
Talee Ziv, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Audience
Students and researchers in social psychology; also of interest to developmental psychologists.
Course Use
May serve as a supplemental text in graduate-level courses.