---

---

“Students will find this an excellent primer....Whets the appetite and then satisfies the cognitive scientist, with a complex mix of multidisciplinary studies, plentiful data, and functional applications. The second edition is worth the purchase given the advances in the field.”

—Doody's Review Service


“Superb....Written and edited by internationally recognized cognitive neuroscientists, this book represents the astonishing advances that have taken place in the study of attention and its mechanisms....4 Stars!”

—Doody's Electronic Journal


“Posner has done a tremendous service to the field....A 'must read.'”

—Applied Cognitive Psychology


“Posner, the world’s foremost expert on attention, has assembled an all-star team of scientists covering the whole range of cognitive neuroscience research into attention. No stone is left unturned—from discrete working memory slots to frontal and cingulate neural circuits, from resting-state networks to temperament, genetics, and education, the reader is exposed to all of the concepts and findings that count in this rapidly evolving field. Any student or researcher who reads these concise, pithy chapters will be taken to the forefront of contemporary knowledge.”

—Stanislas Dehaene, PhD, Professor at Collège de France and Director, INSERM-CEA Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, France


“This ambitious second edition provides even more than the title suggests. Cutting-edge coverage of five major themes—cognition, imaging, neuroscience, development, and deficits—makes the book appropriate for multiple disciplines, especially for my two (psychology and psychiatry), where an update like this is sorely needed to keep up and separate the solid advances from claims that lack support. Even in the areas where I thought I was completely up to date, I learned a lot. The book succeeds in addressing the complexities of attention with methodological rigor while also suggesting how advances in science might be translated into clinical applications. It should have wide appeal for students in psychology and medicine and for clinicians who need guidance to sift through claims about new treatments.”

—James M. Swanson, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, and Department of Psychiatry, Florida International University


“William James once wrote: 'Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.' This enduring definition has only recently become understood in terms of its neural instantiation and cognitive dimensions, a clear result of the revolution in cognitive neuroscience that commenced a century later. This second edition of the definitive work on attention—edited by the leading contemporary authority—should be on the bookshelf of anyone seriously thinking about the subject.”

—Marcus Raichle, MD, Professor of Radiology, Neurology, Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis

---

Table of Contents

1. Progress in Attention Research, Michael I. Posner

I. Cognitive Science

2. On the Modes and Domains of Attention, Raymond M. Klein and Michael A. Lawrence

3. Boolean Map Approach to Visual Attention, Liqiang Huang and Harold Pashler

4. Symbolic and Connectionist Models of Attention, Hongbin Wang, Xun Liu, and Jin Fan

5. Models of Visual Search: From Abstract Function to Biological Constraint, Glyn W. Humphreys and Eirini Mavritsaki

6. Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Attentional Networks: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Luis J. Fuentes, Ana B. Vivas, Linda K. Langley, Qi Chen, and Carmen González-Salinas

7. Dynamic Cognitive Control and Frontal–Cingulate Interactions, Cameron S. Carter and Marie K. Krug

8. Discrete Resource Limits in Attention and Working Memory, Edward F. Ester, Edward K. Vogel, and Edward Awh

II. Imaging

9. Two Attentional Networks: Identification and Function within a Larger Cognitive Architecture, Gordon L. Shulman and Maurizio Corbetta

10. Clutter and Attention in Multivoxel Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Leila Reddy and Nancy Kanwisher

11. A Frontoparietal Attention System in Human and Monkey Brain: Constructing and Assembling the Fragments of Thought and Behavior, John Duncan and Tom Manly

12. Nervous Anticipation: Top-Down Biasing across Space and Time, Anna C. Nobre, Gustavo Rohenkohl, and Mark G. Stokes

13. Microstructural Properties of White Matter Tracts Are Linked to the Efficiency of Specific Attention Networks, Bruce D. McCandliss

14. Tracking the Allocation of Attention in Visual Scenes with Steady-State Evoked Potentials, Søren K. Andersen, Matthias M. Müller, and Steven A. Hillyard

III. Neuroscience

15. Using Nonhuman Primates to Study the Micro- and Macro-Dynamics of Neural Mechanisms of Attention, Geoffrey F. Woodman and Charles E. Schroeder

16. Top-Down Control of Attention by Rhythmic Neural Computations, Earl K. Miller and Timothy J. Buschman

17. Neural Mechanisms of Saccade Target Selection: Evidence for a Stage Theory of Attention and Action, Jeffrey D. Schall and Kirk G. Thompson

18. Neural Circuits Controlling Visual Attention, Tirin Moore, Brittany Burrows, Katherine M. Armstrong, Robert J. Schafer, and Mindy H. Chang

19. Attentional Modulation of the Firing Patterns of Hippocampal Neurons, David Clayton Rowland and Clifford George Kentros

IV. Development

20. Resting State Studies on the Development of Control Systems, Damien A. Fair, Nico U.F. Dosenbach, Steven E. Petersen, and Bradley L. Schlaggar

21. Development of Error Detection, Andrea Berger, Chananel Buchman, and Tamar Green-Bleier

22. Attentional Control and Emotion Regulation in Early Development, Martha Ann Bell and Susan D. Calkins

23. Development of Temperament and Attention: Behavioral Genetic Approaches, Kirby Deater-Deckard and Zhe Wang

V. Deficits and Interventions

24. Typical and Atypical Development of Attention, B J. Casey and Megan Riddle

25. “Abstraction of Mind”: Attention in Autism, Jeanne Townsend, Brandon Keehn, and Marissa Westerfield

26. Cingulate–Frontal–Parietal Function in Health and Disease, George Bush

27. Understanding Attention through Evolutionary and Epidemiological Genetics: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as an Extreme Phenotypic Variant, Mauricio Arcos-Burgos and Maximilian Muenke

28. Action Control in Times of Conflict: Analysis of Reaction Time Distributions in Healthy and Clinical Populations, K. Richard Ridderinkhof, Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg, and Scott A. Wylie

29. Early Selective Attention Abnormalities in Psychopathy: Implications for Self-Regulation, Joseph P. Newman and Arielle R. Baskin-Sommers

30. Attentional Impairments in Children with Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Tony J. Simon and Steven J. Luck

31. Training the Brain: Nonpharmacological Approaches to Stimulating Cognitive Plasticity, Redmond G. O’Connell and Ian H. Robertson

32. Training of Working Memory and Attention, Torkel Klingberg

---

About the Editor

Michael I. Posner, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at the University of Oregon and Adjunct Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, where he served as founding director of the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology. Dr. Posner is well known for his work with Marcus Raichle on imaging the human brain during cognitive tasks; the book Images of Mind resulted from that collaboration. He has worked on the anatomy, circuitry, development, and genetics of three attentional networks underlying maintaining alertness, orienting to sensory events, and voluntary control of thoughts and ideas. Dr. Posner’s methods for measuring these networks have been applied to a wide range of neurological, psychiatric, and developmental disorders. His research on the training of attention in young children and adults to understand the interaction of specific experience and genes in shaping attention is described in Educating the Human Brain, coauthored with Mary K. Rothbart. Dr. Posner has received numerous awards, including seven honorary degrees, election to the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, and the National Medal of Science.

---

Contributors

Søren K. Andersen, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute for Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Mauricio Arcos-Burgos, MD, PhD, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Katherine M. Armstrong, PhD, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Edward Awh, PhD, Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Arielle R. Baskin-Sommers, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Martha Ann Bell, PhD, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia

Andrea Berger, PhD, Department of Psychology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Chananel Buchman, MA, Department of Psychology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Brittany Burrows, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA

George Bush, MD, MMSc, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Psychiatric Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Benson-Henry Institute for Mind–Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts

Timothy J. Buschman, PhD, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Susan D. Calkins, PhD, Department of Human Development and Human Studies, and Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina

Cameron S. Carter, Center for Neurosciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California

B. J. Casey, PhD, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York

Mindy H. Chang, PhD, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Qi Chen, PhD, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China

Maurizio Corbetta, MD, Departments of Neurology, Radiology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

Kirby Deater-Deckard, PhD, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia

Nico U. F. Dosenbach, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

John Duncan, PhD, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Edward F. Ester, MS, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Damien A. Fair, PA-C, PhD, Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon

Jin Fan, PhD, Queens College, City University of New York, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

Luis J. Fuentes, PhD, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Carmen González-Salinas, PhD, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Tamar Green-Bleier, MA, Department of Psychology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Steven A. Hillyard, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Liqiang Huang, PhD, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

Glyn W. Humphreys, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Nancy Kanwisher, PhD, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Brandon Keehn, PhD, Department of Neuroscience and Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Clifford George Kentros, PhD, Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Raymond M. Klein, PhD, Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Torkel Klingberg, M.D, PhD, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden

Marie K. Krug, PhD, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

Linda K. Langley, PhD, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota

Michael A. Lawrence, MSc, Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Xun Liu, PhD, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

Steven J. Luck, PhD, Center for Mind and Brain, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California

Tom Manly, PhD, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Eirini Mavritsaki, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Bruce D. McCandliss, PhD, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Earl K. Miller, PhD, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Tirin Moore, PhD, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA

Maximilian Muenke, MD, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Matthias M. Müller, PhD, Institute for Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Joseph P. Newman, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Anna C. Nobre, PhD, Brain and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, and Oxford Center for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Redmond G. O’Connell, PhD, School of Psychology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland

Steven E. Petersen, PhD, Departments of Radiology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Pediatrics, and Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

Harold Pashler, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA

Michael I. Posner, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Leila Reddy, PhD, University of Toulouse, UPS, Research Center on Brain and Cognition, Toulouse, France

K. Richard Ridderinkhof, PhD, Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior, Department of Psychology, and Cognitive Science Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Megan Riddle, MD, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York

Ian H. Robertson, PhD, School of Psychology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland

Gustavo Rohenkohl, PhD, Brain and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, and Oxford Center for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

David Clayton Rowland, MS, Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Robert J. Schafer, PhD, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Bradley L. Schlaggar, MD, PhD, Departments of Radiology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Pediatrics, and Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

Jeffrey D. Schall, PhD, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Charles E. Schroeder, PhD, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York

Gordon L. Shulman, PhD, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

Tony J. Simon, PhD, MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California

Mark G. Stokes, PhD, Brain and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, and Oxford Center for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kirk G. Thompson, PhD, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Jeanne Townsend, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Ana B. Vivas, PhD, City College, International Faculty of the University of Sheffield, Thessaloniki, Greece

Edward K. Vogel, PhD, Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Hongbin Wang, PhD, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas

Zhe Wang, MS, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia

Marissa Westerfield, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg, PhD, Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Geoffrey F. Woodman, PhD, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Scott A. Wylie, PhD, Neurology Department, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia

---

Audience

Neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, clinical and cognitive psychologists, rehabilitation specialists, and students in these areas.

---

Course Use

May serve as a text in graduate-level seminars in cognitive neuroscience.

---

Previous editions published by Guilford:

First Edition, © 2004
ISBN: 9781593850487

---

New to this edition:

• Significant updates and many new chapters reflecting major advances in the field.
• Important breakthroughs in neuroimaging and cognitive modeling.
• Chapters on the development of emotion regulation and temperament.
• Expanded section on disorders, including up-to-date coverage of ADHD as well as chapters on psychopathy and autism.
• Chapters on cognitive training and rehabilitation.