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Danica G. Hays and Anneliese A. Singh
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1. Introduction to Qualitative Inquiry
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A Rationale for Qualitative Research
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
The Qualitative-Quantitative "Debate"
A Brief History of Qualitative Inquiry
Qualitative Inquiry Today: Applied Research in Clinical and Educational Settings
Building a Research Agenda
The Top 10 Points to Consider about Qualitative Research
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
2. Qualitative Research Paradigms and Traditions
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A Cautionary Note
Philosophies of Science
Research Paradigms
Research Traditions
The Universal Tradition: Case Study
Experience and Theory Formulation: Grounded Theory, Phenomenology, Heuristic Inquiry, and Consensual Qualitative Research
The Meaning of Symbol and Text: Symbolic Interaction, Semiotics, Life History, Hermeneutics, and Narratology
Cultural Expressions of Process and Experience: Ethnography, Ethnomethodology, and Autoethnography
Research as a Change Agent: Participatory Action Research
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
3. Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
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A Case for Ethics in Qualitative Research
A Brief History of Research Ethics
Ethical Guidelines in Clinical and Educational Disciplines
Key Ethical Concepts in Qualitative Research
Additional Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Inquiry
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
II. Qualitative Research Design
4. Selecting a Topic
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Selecting a Topic
Research Goals
Conceptual Framework
Purpose Statement
Research Questions
Is a Mixed Methods Approach Suitable?
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
5. Understanding the Researcher’s Role
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Researcher Reflexivity
Subjectivity in Qualitative Inquiry
"Voice" of Participants in Qualitative Research
Use of Peer Debriefers
To Use a Research Team—or Not?
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
6. Entering the Field
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Entering the Field
Choosing a Sampling Method
Purposeful Sampling Methods
Sample Size
Selecting and Entering a Site
Building Rapport with Gatekeepers, Stakeholders, and Key Informants
Exiting the Field
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
7. Maximizing Trustworthiness
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What Is "Good" Research?
Validity and Qualitative Research
Role of the Researcher, Revisited
Criteria of Trustworthiness
Strategies of Trustworthiness
Considerations in Establishing Trustworthiness
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
III. Data Collection and Analysis
8. Data Collection via Fieldwork, Interviewing, and Focus Groups
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Linking Method to Research Design
Observations
Individual Interviews
Focus Group Interviews
Other Data Collection Considerations
Triangulating Individual and Focus Group Interview Data
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
9. Data Collection Using the Internet, Documents, or Arts-Based Methods
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General Reminders about Selecting Data Collection Method(s)
Media as Method and Source of Data Collection
Using the Internet for Data Collection
Using Visual Methods for Data Collection
Using Written Materials for Data Collection
Using Other Documents for Data Collection
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
10. The Basics of Qualitative Data Management and Analysis
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Qualitative Data Analysis
Steps of Qualitative Data Analysis
Coding Considerations
Additional "Generic" Strategies of Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Management
Case Displays
Qualitative Software
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
11. Qualitative Data Analysis by Research Tradition
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General Thinking on Qualitative Data Analysis across Traditions
Qualitative Data Analysis with the Universal Tradition: The Case Study
Qualitative Data Analysis in Experience and Theory Formulation: Grounded Theory, Consensual Qualitative Research, Phenomenology, and Heuristic Inquiry
Qualitative Data Analysis with Symbol and Text: Narratology, Biography, and Hermeneutics
Qualitative Data Analysis of Cultural Expressions of Process and Experience: Ethnography, Ethnomethodology, and Autoethnography
Qualitative Data Analysis When Research Is a Change Agent: Participatory Action Research
Postscript: A Final Note on Qualitative Data Analysis
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
IV. Presenting Your Qualitative Research
12. Writing and Presenting Qualitative Research
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Developing a Research Proposal
Writing a Quality Proposal
Writing the Research Report
Presenting Your Findings in Student and Professional Settings
Publishing your Findings
Chapter Summary
Recommended Readings
Appendix A. Glossary of Key Terms
Appendix B. Sample Qualitative Proposals
