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Scott T. Meier
* Contemporary Psychological Testing
* Contemporary Psychotherapy Research and Practice
* The Implications of Research Stuckness for Clinical Practice
* Summary and Conclusions
2. A History of Traits
* The Seeds of Conflict
* The Desire to Be Scientific
* The Model of Physiology
* Biology and Individual Differences
* The Desire to Be Relevant
* The Need for Classification
* The Consequences of the Adoption of a Trait-Based Measurement Paradigm
* Loss of Experimental Methods Inhibits Recognition of Method Variance
* The Gain of Traits and Loss of Situations
* Handling Error with Classical Test Theory
* Statistics Related to Measurement
* Assessment as a Complement to Measurement
* Deemphasizing Measurement Theory
* Loss of Precision
* The Wisdom and Tyranny of Tradition
* The Success and Failure of the Market
* Summary and Implications
3. Reliability, Validity, and Systematic Errors
* Introduction
* Thinking about Reliability and Validity
* Types of Validity
* Constructs, Theories, and Valid Measurement
* Construct Explication
* Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices: Investigating the Effects of Method Variance on Validity
* Campbell and Fiske
* Criteria for Construct Validity
* An MTMM Example
* Problems with Campbell and Fiske's approach
* The Factor Analytic Approach to Construct Validity
* History of Self-Report and Interview Errors
* Self-Reports
* Interviews and Observational Methods
* Measurement Error
* Systematic Errors Associated with Self-Reports
* Dissimulation and Malingering
* Social Desirability
* Systematic Errors Associated with Ratings by Others
* Halo Errors
* Leniency and Criticalness Errors
* Causes of Inconsistency
* Cognitive Influences
* Item Comprehension Problems
* Test Cues
* Low Cognitive Ability
* Affective and Motivational Influences
* Test Anxiety
* Negative Emotional States
* Environmental and Cultural Influences
* Reactivity
* Stereotype Threat
* Summary and Implications
4. States, Traits, and Validity
* Introduction
* History
* The Controversy of Mischel and Peterson: The Benefits of Conflict
* The Rejection of Traits: Behavioral Assessment
* Reinforcing the Trait Argument
* Person-environment Interactions
* Aptitude-by-Treatment Interactions
* Environmental Assessment
* Moderators of Cross-Situational Consistency
* Summary and Integration
5. Context Effects and Validity
* Introduction
* Understanding Inconsistency: Clues from Psychophysics Measurement
* The Limitations of Psychophysical Measurement
* Conclusions and Implications from Psychophysical Research
* Improving the Principles of Construct Explication
* Test Purpose
* Test Content
* Test Context
* Shared Contexts and Method Variance
* Applications
* Recommendations Related to Test Purpose
* Recommendations Related to Test Content
* Recommendations Related to Test Contexts
* Summary and Implications
6. Nomothetic Approaches to Measuring Change and Influencing Outcomes
* History and Background
* Examples of Nomothetic Measures
* Beck Depression Inventory
* State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
* Global Assessment of Functioning
* Outcome Questionnaire
* Psychometric Principles and Nomothetic Measures
* Reliability of Nomothetic Measures
* Validity
* Applications
* Creating Change-Sensitive Measures
* Psychometric Properties of Aggregate Scales
* Using Change-Sensitive Tests in Program Evaluations
* An Evidence-Based Approach to Supervision
* Summary and Integration
7. Idiographic Approaches to Measuring Change and Influencing Outcomes
* History and Background
* Psychometric Principles and Idiographic Measures
* Reliability of Idiographic Measures
* Validity of Idiographic Measures
* Applications
* Begin with the Case Conceptualization
* Explicate Constructs
* Measure Behaviors
* Collect as Much Data as Possible
* Data Analysis Procedures for Idiographic Data
* Consider Progress Notes for Process and Outcome Data
* Summary and Implications
8. Summary, Integration, and Future Directions
* Major Ideas
* Initial Findings and Future Research
* Nomothetic Outcome Measures
* Idiographic Outcome Measures
* Context Effects
* Innovative Research Methods
* Conclusion
