Handbook of Body Image
Edited by Tracy L. Tylka, Jennifer B. Webb, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, and Rachel F. Rodgers
Digital professor copy available on VitalSource once published ?“Having a positive body image, feeling good in one's own skin, and having a strong sense of self can be challenging in a society that places so much value on narrowly defined metrics of beauty. The study of body image has grown over the past few decades, with increasing evidence of the harmful consequences of a negative body image and the emergence of new assessment frameworks and tools. This outstanding volume is edited and written by experts in the field who incorporate the latest empirical, theoretical, and clinical developments. I intend to keep this 'must-have' book close at hand and use it often to inform my work.”
—Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, PhD, MPH, RD, Regents Professor, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
“This comprehensive, well-organized, and well-written handbook demonstrates that body image must be understood as a complex and dynamic set of psychological, interpersonal, and biologically based beliefs, experiences, and behaviors, all of which reflect and shape cultural processes operating at multiple levels. I challenge the reader to think of a topic pertaining to body image that is not addressed in a straightforward, research-oriented, respectful, and useful way in this handbook. If you work in the many fields relevant to body image, read these chapters in any order to become a better scholar, clinician, teacher, and advocate.”
—Michael P. Levine, PhD, FAED, Department of Psychology (Emeritus), Kenyon College
“This handbook brings together a world-class group of body image experts to offer a compelling and comprehensive review of the state of the science. The volume deftly covers a wide range of topics, providing a friendly entry point into this steadily growing area. I have no doubt that it will become the authoritative text on body image, guiding both research and clinical practice for many years to come.”
—Lauren Schaefer, PhD, Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research
“A very welcome and valuable contribution. Leading figures in body image research and practice from across the globe clearly demonstrate how the field has developed in recent years and offer insights for the future. Chapters highlight the complexity of this fascinating subject, explore multifaceted influences on body image, and discuss ways to prevent and address problems at individual and societal levels. This is an extremely useful work for newcomers to the field as well as those looking for an accessible, authoritative update.”
—Diana Harcourt, PhD, Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Table of Contents
Introduction. From Change Comes Growth, and from Growth Comes Change, Tracy L. Tylka, Jennifer B. Webb, Rachel F. Rodgers, & Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
I. Foundations
1. What Is (and What Is Not) Body Image?, Tracy L. Tylka & Jennifer B. Webb
2. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Body Image, Viren Swami
3. Theories and Models of Body Image and Embodiment, Tracy L. Tylka, Rachel F. Rodgers, & Jennifer B. Webb
4. Research Designs in Body Image, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz & Hannah K. Jarman
5. Measurement and Assessment of Body Image, Viren Swami
II. Dimensions
6. Body Satisfaction and Body Dissatisfaction, David A. Frederick & Amber Sharma
7. Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Katharine A. Phillips
8. Appearance Schematicity, Josée L. Jarry & Mallory Forward
9. The Experience of Embodiment and the Developmental Theory of Embodiment, Niva Piran
10. Body Appreciation, Tracy L. Tylka & Nichole L. Wood-Barcalow
11. Body Functionality and Functionality Appreciation, Jessica M. Alleva & Tracy L. Tylka
12. Body Image Flexibility, Emily K. Sandoz, Thomas Sease, & Jade Campbell
13. Body Compassion, Jennifer K. Altman
14. Body-Related Self-Conscious Emotions, Catherine M. Sabiston & Kristen M. Lucibello
III. Influences
15. Capitalism, Biopower, Body Capital, Materialism, and Body Image, Rachel F. Rodgers, Glen S. Jankowski, Katherine Laveway, & Niva Piran
16. Weight-Related Stigma and Inclusivity, Paula M. Brochu
17. Appearance Ideals, Pressures, and Internalization, Jennifer A. Harriger & Madeline R. Dougherty
18. Appearance Comparison, Jasmine Fardouly, Maria Sansoni, & Marika Tiggemann
19. Media and Body Image, Rachel F. Rodgers, Genevieve P. Nowicki, & Marika Tiggemann
20. Relational Body Image, Jessica M. Alleva, Analisa Arroyo, & Tracy L. Tylka
21. Sport Culture and Body Image, Catherine Sabiston & Chelsi Ricketts
22. Sexually Objectifying Environments and Body Image
Elizabeth A. Daniels, Tomi-Ann Roberts, & Eileen L. Zurbriggen
23. Nature and Body Image, Viren Swami
24. Biological and Neurological Influences on Body Image, Jason M. Nagata, Gabriel Zamora, & Jacqueline O. Hur
IV. Individual Considerations and Social Positions
25. Intersectionality and Body Image, Jioni A. Lewis, Rabia D. Brown, Brianna A. Ladd, Michelle A. Thomas, & Taryn N. Thrasher
26. Race, Ethnicity, Culture, and Body Image, Nadia Craddock, Jamie Chan, & Viren Swami
27. Gender, Gender Identity, and Body Image, Sophia Choukas-Bradley, Savannah R. Roberts, & Emily M. Gotkiewicz
28. Sexual Orientation and Body Image, Aaron J. Blashill, Haley A. Henriksen, Em Chakkour, & Autumn J. Askew
29. Food Insecurity, Socioeconomic Factors, and Body Image, Jacqueline A. Kosmas & Heather A. Davis
30. Visible Differences and Body Image, Nicola M. Stock
31. Disability and Body Image, Erin Vinoski Thomas, Courtney B. Rogers, Phaedra Longhurst, & Rasheera Dopson
32. Chronic Conditions and Body Image, Helena Lewis-Smith & Nicole Paraskeva
33. Developmental Considerations and Body Image, Laure Dedecker, Lore Vankerckhoven, Laura Vandenbosch, Lara Schreurs, & Chelly Maes
34. Perinatal Period and Body Image, Rachel F. Rodgers, Emily C. Woodworth, Juliana Meireles, & Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
V. Outcomes
35. Disordered Eating and Body Image, Stuart B. Murray & Artha J. Gillis
36. Intuitive Eating and Body Image, C. Blair Burnette
37. Attuned Exercise and Body Image, Rachel M. Calogero, Tracy L. Tylka, Katarina L. Huellemann, & Kelly Pedrotty-Stump
38. Muscle-Building Practices and Body Image, Scott Griffiths
39. Elective Procedures and Body Image, Meghan M. Gillen, Diane L. Rosenbaum, & Charlotte H. Markey
40. Reconstructive Procedures and Body Image, Philippa Tollow
41. Psychological Well-Being, Distress, and Body Image, Kate E. Mulgrew & Kathina Ali
42. Sexuality and Body Image, Virginia Ramseyer Winter & Melanie Ramos-Green
43. Mindful Self-Care and Body Image, Rachel M. Hechinger & Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
VI. Prevention and Interventions—Individual
44. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Body Image, Jessica Beard & Glenn Waller
45. Compassion-Based Approaches and Body Image, Veya Seekis
46. Cognitive Dissonance-Based Approaches and Body Image, Anna Cathleen Ciao & Carolyn Black Becker
47. Yoga, Movement-Based Approaches, and Body Image, Catherine P. Cook-Cottone, Marcus Vinicius Freitas Rodrigues, & Fabiane Frota da Rocha Morgado
48. Technology-Mediated Approaches and Body Image, Jake Linardon
49. Social Media Literacy, Activism, and Body Image, Rachel F. Rodgers, Isabel Cunha, & Siân A. McLean
50. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Jennifer B. Webb & Margit I. Berman
51. Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Body Image, Tiffany A. Brown & Marley G. Billman Miller
52. School-Based Body Image Approaches, Ciara Mahon
53. Embodiment and Trauma-Based Therapy, Sofie Scaletta & Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
54. Body Exposure Therapy, Vanessa Hofschröer, Andrea S. Hartmann, & Silja Vocks
VII. Prevention and Interventions—Societal
55. Policy Change, Activism, and Body Image, Rachel F. Rodgers & Mackenzie Cox
56. Corporate Social Responsibility and Body Image, Nadia Craddock
57. Body Liberation and Social Justice Approaches, Erin N. Harrop, Sarah A. Sullivan, Shikha S. Advani, & Souad Ahmed
VIII. Conclusion
58. Conclusions and Future Directions for the Body Image Field, Tracy L. Tylka, Rachel F. Rodgers, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, & Jennifer B. Webb
Author Index
Subject Index
About the Editors
Tracy L. Tylka, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Psychology at The Ohio State University. Her primary research interests include positive body image, intuitive eating, and psychometric scale development and evaluation. Dr. Tylka is a Fellow of the Academy of Eating Disorders. She is Editor-in-Chief of Body Image: An International Journal of Research and is an author of the Body Appreciation Scale–2 and the Intuitive Eating Scale–3, as well as over 175 peer-reviewed articles, books, and book chapters.Jennifer B. Webb, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Psychological Science and in the Health Psychology PhD Program at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, where she directs the WE ARE MIND–BODY KYND Lab. Dr. Webb’s research program is informed by a non-dieting, weight-neutral philosophy on wellness equity promotion in culturally and body-diverse groups. Dr. Webb serves as an Associate Editor for Body Image: An International Journal of Research and is on the editorial boards of Eating Behaviors and the Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science.
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, PhD, is Associate Dean for Research in the Faculty of Health at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. He is an Associate Editor for Body Image: An International Journal of Research and serves on the editorial board of the International Journal of Eating Disorders. Dr. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz’s research focuses on the experiences of body image and eating disorder symptoms in daily life and on applications of digital health to assess, track, and address these symptoms as they arise.
Rachel F. Rodgers, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Applied Psychology at Northeastern University and an Associate Editor for Body Image: An International Journal of Research and Eating Behaviors. Her research interests are in the areas of body image, disordered eating, and adolescent/young adult psychopathology, focusing particularly on sociocultural influences on body image and eating concerns.
Contributors
Shikha S. Advani, MSW, School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, COSouad (Susu) Ahmed, MSW, Edison Eating Disorders and Mental Health, West Des Moines, IA
Kathina Ali, PhD, School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
Jessica M. Alleva, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Jennifer K. Altman, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Analisa Arroyo, PhD, Department of Communication Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Autumn J. Askew, MS, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
Jessica Beard, MSc, School of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Margit I. Berman, PhD, Department of Psychology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH
Carolyn Black Becker, PhD, Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX
Marley G. Billman Miller, BS, Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
Aaron J. Blashill, PhD, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Paula M. Brochu, PhD, Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL
Rabia D. Brown, MA, Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Tiffany A. Brown, PhD, Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
C. Blair Burnette, PhD, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Rachel M. Calogero, PhD, Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
Jade Campbell, MS, Office of Confidential Advocacy, Support, & Education,University of Mississippi, University, MS
Em Chakkour, MA, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
Jamie Chan, PhD, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
Sophia Choukas-Bradley, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Anna Cathleen Ciao, PhD, Psychology Department and Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA
Catherine P. Cook-Cottone, PhD, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
Mackenzie Cox, MS, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
Nadia Craddock, PhD, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Isabel Cunha, MS, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
Elizabeth A. Daniels, PhD, Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Heather A. Davis, PhD, Psychology Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Laure Dedecker, MSc, Department of Communication Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Rasheera Dopson, MPH, Institute of Human Development, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
Madeline R. Dougherty, PhD, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
Jasmine Fardouly, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Mallory Forward, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
David A. Frederick, PhD, Department of Psychology, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, PhD, Office of the Executive Dean Health, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
Meghan M. Gillen, PhD, Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA
Artha J. Gillis, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Inpatient Unit at Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Los Angeles, CA
Emily M. Gotkiewicz, BA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Scott Griffiths, PhD, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Jennifer A. Harriger, PhD, Social Science Division, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA
Erin N. Harrop, PhD, School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO
Andrea S. Hartmann, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Rachel M. Hechinger, BA, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
Haley A. Henriksen, BA, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Vanessa Hofschröer, MSc, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
Katarina L. Huellemann, PhD, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QB, Canada
Jacqueline O. Hur, BA, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Glen S. Jankowski, PhD, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Hannah K. Jarman, PhD, Faculty of Health/School of Psychology/SEED–Lifespan, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
Josée L. Jarry, PhD, CPsych, Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Jacqueline A. Kosmas, MA, Psychology Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Brianna A. Ladd, MA, Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Katherine Laveway, MS, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
Jioni A. Lewis, PhD, Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Helena Lewis-Smith, PhD, Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Jake Linardon, PhD, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
Phaedra Longhurst, PhD, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Kristen M. Lucibello, PhD, Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
Chelly Maes, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium
Ciara Mahon, PhD, School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
Charlotte H. Markey, PhD, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ
Siân A. McLean, PhD, Department of Psychology, Counseling, and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Juliana Meireles, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa, OK
Fabiane Frota da Rocha Morgado, PhD, Graduate Program of Education, Contemporary Contexts and Popular Demands, Institute of Education, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Kate Mulgrew, PhD, School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia
Stuart B. Murray, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
Jason M. Nagata, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Genevieve P. Nowicki, PhD, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
Nicole Paraskeva, CPsychol, Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Kelly Pedrotty-Stump, PhD, Springfield High School, Springfield, PA
Katharine A. Phillips, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
Niva Piran, PhD, Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, OISE/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Melanie Ramos-Green, MA, MSW, School of Social Work, University of Missouri, College of Health Sciences, Columbia, MO
Virginia Ramseyer Winter, PhD, School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN
Chelsi Ricketts, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Savannah R. Roberts, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Tomi-Ann Roberts, PhD, Department of Psychology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO
Rachel F. Rodgers, PhD, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
Marcus Vinicius Freitas Rodrigues, MPsych, Graduate Program of Education, Contemporary Contexts and Popular Demands, Institute of Education, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Courtney B. Rogers, PhD, Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC
Diane L. Rosenbaum, PhD, Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA
Catherine M. Sabiston, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Emily K. Sandoz, PhD, University Honors Program, Psychology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
Maria Sansoni, MSc, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
Sofie Scaletta, EdM, RYT, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
Lara Schreurs, PhD, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium
Thomas Sease, PhD, Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX
Veya Seekis, PhD, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
Amber Sharma, BA, Department of Psychology, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA
Nicola M. Stock, DPhil, Centre for Appearance Research, School of Social Sciences University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Sarah A. Sullivan, MA, School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO
Viren Swami, PhD, School of Psychology, Sport and Sensory Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Michelle A. Thomas, BA, Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Taryn N. Thrasher, MA, Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Marika Tiggemann, PhD, School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Philippa Tollow, PhD, Centre for Appearance Research, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Tracy L. Tylka, PhD, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Laura Vandenbosch, PhD, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium
Lore Vankerckhoven, MSc, Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Belgium
Erin Vinoski Thomas, PhD, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
Silja Vocks, PhD, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
Glenn Waller, DPhil, School of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Jennifer B. Webb, PhD, Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
Nichole L. Wood-Barcalow, PhD, Private Practice, Wood-Barcalow Psychological Services, Westerville, OH
Emily C. Woodworth, BA, Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
Gabriel Zamora, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Eileen L. Zurbriggen, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA