Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology
Edited by Jeff Greenberg, Sander L. Koole, and Tom Pyszczynski
Request a free digital professor copy on VitalSource ?“This is a comprehensive and encyclopedic text surveying experimental findings and conceptual formulations in contemporary existential psychology. Chapters on a variety of subjects are provided by an impressive array of psychologists and social scientists....Provides a wealth of information and perspectives that will be of value to students of human nature in more than one psychologically related discipline.”
—Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
“Handbooks are often about the past. They integrate what's known. The Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology is about the future. It creates a new field that speaks to the fundamental question of how human beings confront the reality of their lives. It is original in placing 'experimental' next to 'existential.' Heidegger and Sartre will smile.”
—Mahzarin R. Banaji, PhD, Department of Psychology, Harvard University
“Like many other academics, I was drawn to psychology because I wanted to know more about the fundamental properties of existence—love, death, religion, pain, sex, morality, and the meaning of life. And, like others, I was soon lost in the details of far more circumscribed questions. This handbook reminds me why I love psychology. The authors dare to tackle some of the most basic questions about human existence, using sophisticated scientific methods and theories. The writing is crisp and the topics are bold and exciting. This is the finest edited book that I have seen in many, many years.”
—James W. Pennebaker, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
“How do ordinary people struggle with profound existential issues such as the certainty of death and the problem of finding meaning in life? Although extraordinarily important, psychologists historically have viewed such questions as too abstract or too difficult to address with the scientific method. In contrast, this volume shows that the marriage of experimental and existential psychology is not only possible, but immensely fruitful. The contributing authors—experts in social and personality psychology—address such core existential issues as people's attempts to manage terror about death, find meaning in life, search for love, and struggle for freedom, all in a scientifically rigorous and theoretically rich way. This handbook is a 'must read' for graduate students in psychology; scholars in sociology, anthropology, and other disciplines; and others concerned with issues of mortality and meaning. Kudos to Greenberg et al. for having the insight and courage to unite existential and experimental psychology.”
—Lyn Y. Abramson, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
“Meaning, free will, and ultimate questions about life and death: such themes lie at the heart of what it means to be human. But is it possible to tap existential struggles without sacrificing methodological rigor? The answer provided by this book is a resounding 'Yes!'. Existential questions, many of which have creatively but quietly shaped the field of social psychology, come into bold relief in this theoretically rich and empirically solid volume. Anyone who fears that social psychology has lost 'the big picture' will find in this book a breath of fresh air and hope.”
—Julie Juola Exline, PhD, Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University
“This remarkably wide-ranging and informative collection of essays offers the best refutation yet of the common charge that, the more precise a psychology's research methods, the more trivial its findings are likely to be. Drawing on fundamental themes from clinic-derived existential psychology—authenticity, choice, awareness, meaning, anxiety, temporality, and death, among others—but largely setting aside its abstruse philosophical underpinnings, the authors demonstrate that rigorous empirical methods can take us far in illuminating the complex contours of the human condition. This book gathers together a scattered but surprisingly voluminous and coherent literature, providing a vade mecum for an emerging subject area that we can only hope will gain increasing attention among researchers in psychology and related fields. Psychologists of religion in particular will find it a gold mine, for in it are numerous links to work already underway and a multitude of leads for new research directions.”
—David M. Wulff, PhD, Department of Psychology, Wheaton College, Massachusetts
Table of Contents
I. Introduction1. Experimental Existential Psychology: Exploring the Human Confrontation with Reality, Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, and Sander L. Koole
II. Existential Realities
2. The Cultural Animal: Twenty Years of Terror Management Theory and Research, Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski
3. The Blueprint of Terror Management: Understanding the Cognitive Architecture of Psychological Defense against the Awareness of Death, Jamie Arndt, Alison Cook, and Clay Routledge
4. A Multifaceted Model of the Existential Meanings, Manifestations, and Consequences of the Fear of Personal Death, Victor Florian and Mario Mikulincer
5. The Beast within the Beauty: An Existential Perspective on the Objectification and Condemnation of Women, Jamie L. Goldenberg and Tomi-Ann Roberts
6. Paradise Lost and Reclaimed: A Motivational Analysis of Human-Nature Relations, Sander L. Koole and Agnes van den Berg
7. Risk Taking in Adolescence: "To Be or Not to Be" Is Not Really the Question,
Orit Taubman - Ben-Ari
8. Random Outcomes and Valued Commitments: Existential Dilemmas and the Paradox of Meaning, Ronnie Janoff-Bulman and Darren J. Yopyk
III. Systems of Meaning and Value
9. Religion: Its Core Psychological Functions, C. Daniel Batson and E. L. Stocks
10. In Search of the Moral Person: Do You Have to Feel Really Bad to Be Good?, June Price Tangney and Debra J. Mashek
11. An Existentialist Approach to the Social Psychology of Fairness: The Influence of Mortality and Uncertainty Salience on Reactions to Fair and Unfair Events, Kees van den Bos
12. Zeal, Identity, and Meaning: Going to Extremes to Be One Self, Ian McGregor
13. Nostalgia: Conceptual Issues and Existential Functions, Constantine Sedikides, Tim Wildschut, and Denise Baden
14. Existential Meanings and Cultural Models: The Interplay of Personal and Supernatural Agency in American and Hindu Ways of Responding to Uncertainty, Maia J. Young and Michael W. Morris
15. Cultural Trauma and Recovery: Cultural Meaning, Self-Esteem, and the Reconstruction of the Cultural Anxiety Buffer, Michael B. Salzman and Michael J. Halloran
16. Terror's Epistemic Consequences: Existential Threat and the Quest for Certainty and Closure, Mark Dechesne and Arie W. Kruglanski
17. The Ideological Animal: A System Justification View, John T. Jost, Grainne Fitzsimons, and Aaron C. Kay
IV. The Human Connection
18. The Terror of Death and the Quest for Love: An Existential Perspective on Close Relationships, Mario Mikulincer, Victor Florian, and Gilad Hirschberger
19. Transcending Oneself through Social Identification, Emanuele Castano, Vincent Yzerbyt, and Maria-Paola Paladino
20. Moral Amplification and the Emotions That Attach Us to Saints and Demons, Jonathan Haidt and Sara Algoe
21. Ostracism: A Metaphor for Death, Trevor I. Case and Kipling D. Williams
22. I-Sharing, the Problem of Existential Isolation, and Their Implications for Interpersonal and Intergroup Phenomena, Elizabeth A. Pinel, Anson E. Long, Mark Landau, and Tom Pyszczynski
23. Bellezza in Interpersonal Relations, Robert A. Wicklund and Renata Vida-Grim
V. Freedom and the Will
24. Being Here Now: Is Consciousness Necessary for Human Freedom?, John A. Bargh
25. Ego Depletion, Self-Control, and Choice, Kathleen D. Vohs and Roy F. Baumeister
26. Workings of the Will: A Functional Approach, Julius Kuhl and Sander L. Koole
27. The Roar of Awakening: Mortality Acknowledgment as a Call to Authentic Living, Leonard Martin, Keith Campbell, and Christopher D. Henry
28. Autonomy Is No Illusion: Self-Determination Theory and the Empirical Study of Authenticity, Awareness, and Will, Richard Ryan and Edward Deci
29. Non-Becoming, Alienated Becoming, and Authentic Becoming: A Goal-Based Approach, Tim Kasser and Kennon M. Sheldon
VI. Postmortem
30. The Best of Two Worlds: Experimental Existential Psychology Now and in the Future, Sander L. Koole, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski
About the Editors
Jeff Greenberg is Professor of Psychology at the University of Arizona and associate editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. He received his PhD from the University of Kansas in 1982. Dr. Greenberg has published many articles and chapters, focused primarily on understanding self-esteem, prejudice, and depression. In collaboration with Tom Pyszczynski and Sheldon Solomon, he developed terror management theory, a broad theoretical framework that explores the role of existential fears in diverse aspects of human behavior. He is coauthor of Hanging on and Letting Go: Understanding the Onset, Progression, and Remission of Depression and In the Wake of 9/11: The Psychology of Terror, and is coeditor of Motivational Analyses of Social Behavior.Sander L. Koole is Associate Professor of Psychology at the Free University in Amsterdam. He received his PhD in social psychology from the University of Nijmegen in 2000. Dr. Koole has published articles and chapters on self-affirmation, implicit self-esteem, terror management processes, and affect regulation. In collaboration with Julius Kuhl and other colleagues, his recent work has focused on personality systems interactions theory, an integrative perspective that seeks to understand the functional mechanisms that underlie human motivation and personality processes. Together with Constantine Sedekides, he was guest editor of a special issue of Social Cognition on The Art and Science of Self-Defense.
Tom Pyszczynski is Professor of Psychology at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. He received his PhD in social psychology from the University of Kansas in 1980. In collaboration with Jeff Greenberg and Sheldon Solomon, Dr. Pyszczynski developed terror management theory. His recent research has focused on applications of terror management theory to questions about the need for self-esteem, prejudice and intergroup conflict, unconscious processes, anxiety, and ambivalence regarding the human body. He is coauthor of In the Wake of 9/11 and Hanging on and Letting Go.
Contributors
Sara Algoe, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAJamie Arndt, PhD, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Denise Baden, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
John A. Bargh, PhD, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
C. Daniel Batson, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
W. Keith Campbell, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Trevor I. Case, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Emanuele Castano, PhD, Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science, New School University, New York, NY
Alison Cook, MA, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Mark Dechesne, PhD, Department of Social Psychology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Edward L. Deci, PhD, Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
Gráinne Fitzsimons, MA, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY
Victor Florian, PhD, formerly Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Jamie L. Goldenberg, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA
Jeff Greenberg, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Jonathan Haidt, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
Michael J. Halloran, PhD, School of Psychological Science, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
Christopher D. Henry, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Gilad Hirschberger, PhD, Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
John T. Jost, PhD, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY
Tim Kasser, PhD, Department of Psychology, Knox College, Galesbrg, IL
Aaron C. Kay, MA, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Sander L. Koole, PhD, Department of Psychology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Arie W. Kruglanski, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Julius Kuhl, PhD, Department of Personality Psychology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
Mark J. Landau, MS, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Anson E. Long, BS, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Leonard L. Martin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Debra J. Mashek, PhD, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
Ian McGregor, PhD, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mario Mikulincer, PhD, Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Michael W. Morris, PhD, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, NY
Maria-Paola Paladino, PhD, Department of Sociology, Universita degli studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
Elizabeth C. Pinel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Tom Pyszczynski, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO
Tomi-Ann Roberts, PhD, Department of Psychology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO
Clay Routledge, MA, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Richard M. Ryan, PhD, Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
Michael B. Salzman, PhD, Department of Counselor Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
Constantine Sedekides, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Kennon M. Sheldon, PhD, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Sheldon Solomon, PhD, Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
E. L. Stocks, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
June Price Tangney, PhD, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
Orit Taubman - Ben-Ari, PhD, School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Agnes van den Berg, PhD, Alterra Green World Research Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Kees van den Bos, PhD, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Renata Vida-Grim, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Kathleen D. Vohs, PhD, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
Robert A. Wicklund, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Tim Wildschut, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Kipling D. Williams, PhD, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Darren J. Yopyk, BA, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
Maia J Young, BAS, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Vincent Yzerbyt, PhD, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium