I. People and Environment

2. European Environments

3. Population

4. Human–Environment Interaction

II. Culture and Identity

5. Language

6. Religion and Values

7. The Political Landscape

III. Towns and Cities

8. Cities and Urban Life to World War I

9. Modern and Postmodern Urbanism

IV. Work and Leisure

10. Making a Living

11. Consumption, Leisure, and Popular Culture

12. Epilogue: European Futures