1. Introduction

2. Development of Defenses

II. A Closer Look at Three Defenses

3. Denial

4. Projection

5. Identification

III. Defense Mechanisms in Action

6. Defenses in Childhood: Stress and Psychopathology

7. Stress and Defense Use in Adulthood

8. Defenses and Personality

9. Gender Differences and Defenses

10. Studying Defenses over Time: Longitudinal Studies

IV. Defenses and Psychopathology

11. Defenses and Psychopathology in Adult Community and Student Samples

12. Defenses and Psychopathology in Adult Psychiatric Patients

13. Defenses and Psychotherapy

14. Case Studies

V. Assessment of Defenses

15. Explaining the Defense Mechanism Manual

16. Other Approaches to Assessing Defense Mechanisms