Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling

Todd D. Little
Foreword by Noel A. Card

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March 25, 2013
ISBN 9781462510160
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386 Pages
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A new edition will be published December 27, 2023.
PROLOGUE

* A personal introduction and what to expect

How statistics came into my life

My approach to the book

Key features of the book

Overview of the book

* Datasets and measures used

My dataset with the Inventory Felt Energy and Emotion in Life (I FEEL) measure

The I FEEL

Gallagher and Johnson's MIDUS example

Neuroticism

Negative affect

Dorothy Espelage's bullying and victimization examples

Peer victimization

Substance use

Family conflict

Family closeness

Bullying

Homophobic teasing

* Overdue gratitude

* Prophylactic apologies

1. OVERVIEW AND SEM FOUNDATIONS

* An overview of the conceptual foundations of SEM

Concepts, constructs, and indicators

From concepts to constructs to indicators to good models

* Sources of variance in measurement

Classical test theorem

Expanding classical test theorem

* Characteristics of indicators and constructs

Types of indicators and constructs

Categorical versus metrical indicators and constructs

Types of correlation coefficients that can be modeled

* A simple taxonomy of indicators and their roles

* Rescaling variables

* Parceling

* What changes and how?

* Some advice for SEM programming

* Philosophical issues and how I approach research

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

2. DESIGN ISSUES IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

* Timing of measurements and conceptualizing time

Cross-sectional design

Single-cohort longitudinal design

Cross-sequential design

Cohort-sequential design

Time-sequential design

Other validity concerns

Temporal design

Lags within the interval of measurement

Episodic and Experiential Time

* Missing data imputation and planned missing designs

Missing data mechanisms

Recommendations and caveats

Planned missing data designs in longitudinal research

* Modeling developmental processes in context

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

3. THE MEASUREMENT MODEL

* Drawing and labeling conventions

* Defining the parameters of a construct

* Scale setting

* Identification

* Adding means to the model: Scale setting and identification with means

* Adding a longitudinal component to the CFA model

* Adding phantom constructs to the CFA model

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended Readings

4. MODEL FIT, SAMPLE SIZE, AND POWER

* Model fit and types of fit indices

Statistical rationale

Modeling rationale

The longitudinal null model

Summary and cautions

* Sample Size

* Power

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

5. THE LONGITUDINAL CFA MODEL

* Factorial invariance

* A small (nearly perfect) data example

Configural factorial invariance

Weak factorial invariance

Strong factorial invariance

Evaluating invariance constraints

Model modification

Partial invariance

* A larger example followed by tests of the latent construct relations

Testing the latent construct parameters

* An application of a longitudinal SEM to a repeated-measures experiment

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

6. SPECIFYING AND INTERPRETING A LONGITUDINAL PANEL MODEL

* Basics of a panel model

* The basic simplex change process

* Building a panel model

Covariate/control variables

Building the panel model of positive and negative affect

* Illustrative examples of panel models

A simplex model of cognitive development

Two simplex models of non-longitudinal data

A panel model of bullying and homophobic teasing

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

7. MULTIPLE-GROUP MODELS

* Multiple-group longitudinal SEM

Step 1: Estimate missing data and evaluate the descriptive statistics

Step 2: Perform any supplemental analysis to rule out potential confounds

Step 3: Fit an appropriate multiple-group longitudinal null model

Step 4: Fit the configurally invariant model across time and groups

Step 5: Test for weak factorial (loadings) invariance

Step 6: Test for strong factorial invariance

Step 7: Test for mean-level differences in the latent constructs

Step 8: Test for the homogeneity of the variance–covariance matrix among the latent constructs

Step 9: Test the longitudinal SEM model in each group

* A dynamic p-technique multiple-group longitudinal model

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

8. MULTILEVEL GROWTH CURVES AND SEM

* Longitudinal growth curve model

* Multivariate growth curve models

* Multilevel longitudinal model

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

9. MEDIATION AND MODERATION

* Making the distinction between mediators and moderators

Cross-sectional mediation

Half-longitudinal mediation

Full longitudinal mediation

* Moderation

* Summary

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings

10. JAMBALAYA: COMPLEX CONSTRUCT REPRESENTATIONS AND DECOMPOSITIONS

* Multitrait-multimethod models

* Pseudo-MTMM models

* Bifactor and higher order factor models

* Contrasting different variance decompositions

* Digestif

* Key terms and concepts introduced in this chapter

* Recommended readings